Equity Financing

Formula for what you give up: New Investor Ownership = Amount Raised / (Pre-Money Valuation + Amount Raised) Example: You raise $500,000 at a $4.5 million pre-money valuation. Post-money valuation = $4.5M + $0.5M = $5M. The investor owns $500k / $5M = 10% of the company. Equity financing differs from debt and revenue-based financing in a fundamental way: you never owe the money back, but you permanently give up a slice of ownership and, usually, some control, a board seat, veto rights, or pro-rata rights in future rounds. Revenue-based financing is repaid as a percentage of monthly revenue until a fixed multiple is returned, then it's over, no ownership changes hands. Equity has no repayment schedule at all, but every future dollar of value you create, that investor's percentage grows with it. This is why equity financing is expensive in the long run even though it feels free in the short run: a $500k check at 10% ownership costs $10 million in equity value if the company exits at $100 million. Founders raise equity anyway because most startups need the cash to survive long enough to reach that outcome, and no bank or revenue-based lender will fund a pre-revenue company with no collateral. Each round dilutes existing shareholders further. A founder who owns 100% pre-seed might own 60 to 70% after seed, 40 to 50% after Series A, and 15 to 25% by IPO. This is normal and not a sign of failure, it is the cost of the capital that let the company grow big enough to be worth diluting into.

A founder raises a $1M seed round at a $5M pre-money valuation, giving up 1M / 6M, or 16.7%, of the company. In exchange, they owe nothing back even if the company fails, unlike a bank loan.